Pharmacogenetics - Mirrored design for family-based association studies

Responder

Non-responder

The A allele is transmitted to a responder and not-transmitted to a non-responder.

Responder

Non-responder

The A allele occurs in the responder rather than the sibling control, and in the control rather than the non-responder.

For both TDT and sibling control methods, one can gain information from both responders and non-responders by switching the allele counts for one group and then adding them to the those for the first group.

Each example supports the theory that the A allele is associated with good response.

The extension to multiallelic tests is automatic.